Endoscopic Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Infants. Can We Do It and Should We Do It?

To evaluate the outcomes of endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) performed on infants, and to discuss the possible role of this approach in selected cases. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the patients who underwent endoscopic injection of a bulking substance for VUR in our institution, and a comparison was made with patients treated during infancy and those treated later in life. A total of 463 ureteral units were included (296 children), of whom 47 were patients less than 1 year of age (infants, INF group); the remaining 416 were included in a second group (children, CHL). In this study, the percentage of high-grade VUR and presence of reflux nephropathy were significantly higher in younger patients. Both early failure and recurrence rate were significantly higher in the INF group when compared with the CHL group. No complications were observed in the INF group. Endoscopic treatment of VUR is feasible in patients less than 1 year of age. The effectiveness is lower than when patients are treated at a later age but was still over 80% in our series. There were no complications reported related to the procedure itself or to the general anesthesia. Once it is known that endoscopic treatment of VUR can be performed, controversy arises about the indication of treating patients with VUR. Careful selection of VUR cases that are less likely to spontaneously resolve, presence of breakthrough infections, and parental preference, all play a role in the decision-making process.