Cytotoxic mechanisms of Zn super(2) super(+) and Cd super(2) super(+) involve Na super(+)/H super(+) exchanger (NHE) activation by ROS

The signaling mechanism induced by cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in gill cells of Mytilus galloprovincialis was investigated. Both metals cause an increase in ?O sub(2) super(-) production, with Cd to be more potent (216+/-15%) than Zn (150+/-9.5%), in relation to control value (100%). The metals effect was reversed after incubation with the amiloride analogue, EIPA, a selective Na super(+)/H super(+) exchanger (NHE) inhibitor as well as in the presence of calphostin C, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. The heavy metals effect on ?O sub(2) super(-) production was mediated via the interaction of metal ions with alpha sub(1)- and beta -adrenergic receptors, as shown after incubation with their respective agonists and antagonists. In addition, both metals caused an increase in intracellular pH (pHi) of gill cells. EIPA together with either metal significantly reduced the effect of each metal treatment on pHi. Incubation of gill cells with the oxidants rotenone, antimycin A and pyruvate caused a significant increase in pHi ( Delta pHi 0.830, 0.272 and 0.610, respectively), while in the presence of the anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) a decrease in pHi ( Delta pHi -0.090) was measured, indicating that change in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by heavy metals affects NHE activity. When rosiglitazone was incubated together with either heavy metal a decrease in O sub(2) super(-) production was observed. Our results show a key role of NHE in the signal transduction pathway induced by Zn and Cd in gill cells, with the involvement of ROS, PKC, adrenergic and PPAR- gamma receptors. In addition, differences between the two metals concerning NHE activation, O sub(2) super(-) production and interaction with adrenergic receptors were observed.