Predicting Clinical Outcomes using Phase Angle as Assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients

Abstract Objective Protein-energy wasting is common in hemodialysis patients and is an independent risk factor for adverse events. We retrospectively investigated whether phase angle (PA), known as a nutritional marker, can predict various clinical outcomes in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving hemodialysis. Methods Using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), PA was obtained every 6 months, and patients were divided into two groups according to baseline PA: group A included patients with PA ≥4.5°, while group B included patients with PA