Eotaxin-2 and IL-5 cooperate in the lung to regulate IL-13 production and airway eosinophilia and hyperreactivity

Eotaxin-2 is a member of the eotaxin subfamily of CC chemokines that display eosinophil-specific, chemotactic properties and has been associated with allergic disorders. However, the contribution of eotaxin-2 to the development of defined pathogenic features of allergic disease remains to be defined. We sought to determine whether eotaxin-2 was a cofactor with IL-5 for the regulation of pulmonary eosinophilia and to identify the combined role of these molecules in the induction of phenotypic characteristics of allergic lung disease. We instilled recombinant eotaxin-2 into the airways of wild-type mice that had been treated systemically with IL-5 or into IL-5-transgenic mice and characterized pulmonary eosinophil numbers, IL-13 production, and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) to methacholine. Mice deficient in the IL-4 receptor α-chain, IL-13, and signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 or mice treated with anti-CCR3 monoclonal antibody were also used. Eotaxin-2 and IL-5 cooperatively promoted eosinophil accumulation, IL-13 production, and AHR to methacholine. Neither eotaxin-2 nor IL-5 alone induced these features of allergic disease. IL-13 production was critically dependent on eotaxin-2- and IL-5-regulated eosinophilia, which predisposed to the development of AHR. AHR was dependent on IL-13 and signaling through the IL-4R α-chain and signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 pathways and the presence of eosinophils in the lung. These investigations demonstrate important cooperativity between eotaxin-2, IL-5, and IL-13 signaling systems and eosinophils for the development of hallmark features of allergic disease of the lung.