Behavioural reactions of free-ranging porpoises and seals to the noise of a simulated 2 MW windpower generator
Operational underwater noise emitted at 8 m s–1by a 550 kW WindWorld wind-turbine was recorded from the sea and modified to simulate a 2 MW wind-turbine. The sound was replayed from an audio CD through a car CD-player and a J-13 transducer. The maximum sound energy was emitted between 30 and 800 Hz...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Marine ecology. Progress series (Halstenbek) 2003-12, Vol.265, p.263-273 |
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| container_title | Marine ecology. Progress series (Halstenbek) |
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| creator | Koschinski, Sven Culik, Boris M. Henriksen, Oluf Damsgaard Tregenza, Nick Ellis, Graeme Jansen, Christoph Kathe, Günter |
| description | Operational underwater noise emitted at 8 m s–1by a 550 kW WindWorld wind-turbine was recorded from the sea and modified to simulate a 2 MW wind-turbine. The sound was replayed from an audio CD through a car CD-player and a J-13 transducer. The maximum sound energy was emitted between 30 and 800 Hz with peak source levels of 128 dB (re 1 μPa² Hz–1at 1 m) at 80 and 160 Hz (1/3-octave centre frequencies). This simulated 2 MW wind-turbine noise was played back on calm days ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3354/meps265263 |
| format | Article |
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The sound was replayed from an audio CD through a car CD-player and a J-13 transducer. The maximum sound energy was emitted between 30 and 800 Hz with peak source levels of 128 dB (re 1 μPa² Hz–1at 1 m) at 80 and 160 Hz (1/3-octave centre frequencies). This simulated 2 MW wind-turbine noise was played back on calm days (<1 Beaufort) to free-ranging harbour porpoisesPhocoena phocoenaand harbour sealsPhoca vitulinain Fortune Channel, Vancouver Island, Canada. Swimming tracks of porpoises and surfacings of seals were recorded with an electronic theodolite situated on a clifftop 14 m above sea level. Echolocation activity of harbour porpoises close to the sound source was recorded simultaneously via an electronic click detector placed below the transducer. In total we tracked 375 porpoise groups and 157 seals during play-back experiments, and 380 porpoise groups and 141 surfacing seals during controls. Both species showed a distinct reaction to wind-turbine noise. Surfacings in harbour seals were recorded at larger distances from the sound source (median = 284 vs 239 m during controls; p = 0.008, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and closest approaches increased from a median of 120 to 182 m (p < 0.001) in harbour porpoises. Furthermore, the number of time intervals during which porpoise echolocation clicks were detected increased by a factor of 2 when the sound source was active (19.6% of all 1 min intervals as opposed to 8.4% of all intervals during controls; p < 0.001).These results show that harbour porpoises and harbour seals are able to detect the low-frequency sound generated by offshore wind-turbines. Controlled exposure experiments such as the one described here are a first step to assess the impact on marine mammals of the new offshore wind-turbine industry.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0171-8630</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1616-1599</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3354/meps265263</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oldendorf: Inter-Research</publisher><subject>Acoustic echoes ; Acoustic noise ; Acoustics ; Animal ethology ; Auditory perception ; Biological and medical sciences ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Mammalia ; Marine ; Marine mammals ; Phoca vitulina ; Phocoena phocoena ; Porpoises ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Seals ; Sound ; Straits ; Transducers ; Vertebrata ; Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution</subject><ispartof>Marine ecology. Progress series (Halstenbek), 2003-12, Vol.265, p.263-273</ispartof><rights>Inter-Research 2003</rights><rights>2004 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c379t-d7e2abec445e310960433459733538bea3e45fccb17f850fb89f1b9b941f8c9e3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24867543$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/24867543$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,799,3745,27903,27904,57996,58229</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=15407672$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Koschinski, Sven</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Culik, Boris M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Henriksen, Oluf Damsgaard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tregenza, Nick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ellis, Graeme</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jansen, Christoph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kathe, Günter</creatorcontrib><title>Behavioural reactions of free-ranging porpoises and seals to the noise of a simulated 2 MW windpower generator</title><title>Marine ecology. Progress series (Halstenbek)</title><description>Operational underwater noise emitted at 8 m s–1by a 550 kW WindWorld wind-turbine was recorded from the sea and modified to simulate a 2 MW wind-turbine. The sound was replayed from an audio CD through a car CD-player and a J-13 transducer. The maximum sound energy was emitted between 30 and 800 Hz with peak source levels of 128 dB (re 1 μPa² Hz–1at 1 m) at 80 and 160 Hz (1/3-octave centre frequencies). This simulated 2 MW wind-turbine noise was played back on calm days (<1 Beaufort) to free-ranging harbour porpoisesPhocoena phocoenaand harbour sealsPhoca vitulinain Fortune Channel, Vancouver Island, Canada. Swimming tracks of porpoises and surfacings of seals were recorded with an electronic theodolite situated on a clifftop 14 m above sea level. Echolocation activity of harbour porpoises close to the sound source was recorded simultaneously via an electronic click detector placed below the transducer. In total we tracked 375 porpoise groups and 157 seals during play-back experiments, and 380 porpoise groups and 141 surfacing seals during controls. Both species showed a distinct reaction to wind-turbine noise. Surfacings in harbour seals were recorded at larger distances from the sound source (median = 284 vs 239 m during controls; p = 0.008, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and closest approaches increased from a median of 120 to 182 m (p < 0.001) in harbour porpoises. Furthermore, the number of time intervals during which porpoise echolocation clicks were detected increased by a factor of 2 when the sound source was active (19.6% of all 1 min intervals as opposed to 8.4% of all intervals during controls; p < 0.001).These results show that harbour porpoises and harbour seals are able to detect the low-frequency sound generated by offshore wind-turbines. Controlled exposure experiments such as the one described here are a first step to assess the impact on marine mammals of the new offshore wind-turbine industry.</description><subject>Acoustic echoes</subject><subject>Acoustic noise</subject><subject>Acoustics</subject><subject>Animal ethology</subject><subject>Auditory perception</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Mammalia</subject><subject>Marine</subject><subject>Marine mammals</subject><subject>Phoca vitulina</subject><subject>Phocoena phocoena</subject><subject>Porpoises</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Seals</subject><subject>Sound</subject><subject>Straits</subject><subject>Transducers</subject><subject>Vertebrata</subject><subject>Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution</subject><issn>0171-8630</issn><issn>1616-1599</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2003</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkE1rGzEQhkVpoI6bS-4BXZJDYFtp9bU6piH9gJRcUnpctPLIlllLG806Jv8-a2zqY08DM8_7wjyEXHL2RQglv25gwFqrWosPZMY11xVX1n4kM8YNrxot2CdyjrhmjGtp9Iykb7ByrzFvi-tpAefHmBPSHGgoAFVxaRnTkg65DDkiIHVpQRFcj3TMdFwBTfv9PuAoxs22dyMsaE1__6W7mBZD3kGhS0hQ3JjLZ3IWpixcHOec_Pn-8Hz_s3p8-vHr_u6x8sLYsVoYqF0HXkoFgjOrmRRCKmumJ0XTgRMgVfC-4yY0ioWusYF3trOSh8ZbEHNyc-gdSn7ZAo7tJqKHvncJ8hZbbmshrWj-DzZMaSHMBN4eQF8yYoHQDiVuXHlrOWv37tuT-wm-PrY69K4Pk0Yf8ZRQkhlt6om7OnBrnOT8u9ey0UZNL78DDRGO5g</recordid><startdate>20031231</startdate><enddate>20031231</enddate><creator>Koschinski, Sven</creator><creator>Culik, Boris M.</creator><creator>Henriksen, Oluf Damsgaard</creator><creator>Tregenza, Nick</creator><creator>Ellis, Graeme</creator><creator>Jansen, Christoph</creator><creator>Kathe, Günter</creator><general>Inter-Research</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>H96</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20031231</creationdate><title>Behavioural reactions of free-ranging porpoises and seals to the noise of a simulated 2 MW windpower generator</title><author>Koschinski, Sven ; Culik, Boris M. ; Henriksen, Oluf Damsgaard ; Tregenza, Nick ; Ellis, Graeme ; Jansen, Christoph ; Kathe, Günter</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c379t-d7e2abec445e310960433459733538bea3e45fccb17f850fb89f1b9b941f8c9e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2003</creationdate><topic>Acoustic echoes</topic><topic>Acoustic noise</topic><topic>Acoustics</topic><topic>Animal ethology</topic><topic>Auditory perception</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Mammalia</topic><topic>Marine</topic><topic>Marine mammals</topic><topic>Phoca vitulina</topic><topic>Phocoena phocoena</topic><topic>Porpoises</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Seals</topic><topic>Sound</topic><topic>Straits</topic><topic>Transducers</topic><topic>Vertebrata</topic><topic>Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Koschinski, Sven</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Culik, Boris M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Henriksen, Oluf Damsgaard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tregenza, Nick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ellis, Graeme</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jansen, Christoph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kathe, Günter</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><jtitle>Marine ecology. Progress series (Halstenbek)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Koschinski, Sven</au><au>Culik, Boris M.</au><au>Henriksen, Oluf Damsgaard</au><au>Tregenza, Nick</au><au>Ellis, Graeme</au><au>Jansen, Christoph</au><au>Kathe, Günter</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Behavioural reactions of free-ranging porpoises and seals to the noise of a simulated 2 MW windpower generator</atitle><jtitle>Marine ecology. Progress series (Halstenbek)</jtitle><date>2003-12-31</date><risdate>2003</risdate><volume>265</volume><spage>263</spage><epage>273</epage><pages>263-273</pages><issn>0171-8630</issn><eissn>1616-1599</eissn><abstract>Operational underwater noise emitted at 8 m s–1by a 550 kW WindWorld wind-turbine was recorded from the sea and modified to simulate a 2 MW wind-turbine. The sound was replayed from an audio CD through a car CD-player and a J-13 transducer. The maximum sound energy was emitted between 30 and 800 Hz with peak source levels of 128 dB (re 1 μPa² Hz–1at 1 m) at 80 and 160 Hz (1/3-octave centre frequencies). This simulated 2 MW wind-turbine noise was played back on calm days (<1 Beaufort) to free-ranging harbour porpoisesPhocoena phocoenaand harbour sealsPhoca vitulinain Fortune Channel, Vancouver Island, Canada. Swimming tracks of porpoises and surfacings of seals were recorded with an electronic theodolite situated on a clifftop 14 m above sea level. Echolocation activity of harbour porpoises close to the sound source was recorded simultaneously via an electronic click detector placed below the transducer. In total we tracked 375 porpoise groups and 157 seals during play-back experiments, and 380 porpoise groups and 141 surfacing seals during controls. Both species showed a distinct reaction to wind-turbine noise. Surfacings in harbour seals were recorded at larger distances from the sound source (median = 284 vs 239 m during controls; p = 0.008, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and closest approaches increased from a median of 120 to 182 m (p < 0.001) in harbour porpoises. Furthermore, the number of time intervals during which porpoise echolocation clicks were detected increased by a factor of 2 when the sound source was active (19.6% of all 1 min intervals as opposed to 8.4% of all intervals during controls; p < 0.001).These results show that harbour porpoises and harbour seals are able to detect the low-frequency sound generated by offshore wind-turbines. Controlled exposure experiments such as the one described here are a first step to assess the impact on marine mammals of the new offshore wind-turbine industry.</abstract><cop>Oldendorf</cop><pub>Inter-Research</pub><doi>10.3354/meps265263</doi><tpages>11</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Marine ecology. Progress series (Halstenbek), 2003-12, Vol.265, p.263-273 |
| issn | 0171-8630 1616-1599 |
| language | eng |
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| source | Inter-Research; Jstor Complete Legacy; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Acoustic echoes Acoustic noise Acoustics Animal ethology Auditory perception Biological and medical sciences Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Mammalia Marine Marine mammals Phoca vitulina Phocoena phocoena Porpoises Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Seals Sound Straits Transducers Vertebrata Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution |
| title | Behavioural reactions of free-ranging porpoises and seals to the noise of a simulated 2 MW windpower generator |
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