Titanium‐released from dental implant enhances pre‐osteoblast adhesion by ROS modulating crucial intracellular pathways

It is important to understand the cellular and molecular events that occur at the cell–material interface of implants used for bone repair. The mechanisms involved in the initial stages of osteoblast interactions with the surface of the implant material must be decisive for cell fating surrounding them. In order to address this issue, we decided to investigate if conditioned medium for dental implants was able to modulate murine pre‐osteoblast metabolism. First, we determined the concentration of titanium (Ti)‐containing conditioned medium and found that it was 2‐fold increased (p