Bariatric Surgery-Induced Resolution of Hypertension and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Impact of Modulation of Body Fat, Ectopic Fat, Autonomic Nervous Activity, Inflammatory and Adipokine Profiles

Background Obesity-associated systemic hypertension (HTN) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have multiple pathophysiological pathways including ectopic fat deposition, inflammation, altered adipokine profile, and increased sympathetic nervous activity. We characterized these potential mechanisms in severely obese patients with or without HTN and OSA. We also compared changes of these mechanisms at 12 months following biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) surgery according to HTN and OSA resolution. Methods Sixty-two severely obese patients were evaluated at baseline and 12 months; 40 patients underwent BPD-DS. Blood samples, bioelectrical impedance analysis, computed tomography scan, and 24-h heart rate monitoring were performed. OSA have been determined with polysomnography and HTN with blood pressure measurement and medical file. Results Patients with HTN ( n = 35) and OSA ( n = 32) were older men with higher ectopic fat deposition and lower parasympathetic nervous activity without difference in adipokines and inflammatory markers. Lower reduction in weight was observed in patients with unresolved HTN (−40.9 ± 3.3 kg vs. −55.6 ± 3.8 kg; p = 0.001) and OSA (−41.4 ± 10.7 kg vs. −51.0 ± 15.2 kg; p = 0.006). Visceral adipose tissue reduction was lower in patients with unresolved HTN (−171.0 ± 25.7 cm 2 vs. −274.5 ± 29.0 cm 2 ; p = 0.001) in contrast to a trend for lower abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue reduction in patients with unresolved OSA (−247.7 ± 91.5 cm 2 vs. −390.5 ± 109.1 cm 2 ; p = 0.08). At 12 months, parasympathetic activity was lowest in unresolved HTN and OSA patients, without difference in adipokines and inflammatory biomarkers. Conclusion Lower ectopic fat mobilization, lower level of parasympathetic nervous activity, and lower subcutaneous adiposity mobilization may play a role in the pathophysiology of unresolved HTN and OSA following BPD-DS surgery.