Genetic advances in systemic lupus erythematosus: an update

PURPOSE OF REVIEWMore than 80 susceptibility loci are now reported to show robust genetic association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The differential functional effects of the risk alleles for the majority of these loci remain to be defined. Here, we review current SLE association findings and the recent progress in the annotation of noncoding regions of the human genome as well as the new technologies and statistical methods that can be applied to further the understanding of SLE genetics. RECENT FINDINGSGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have markedly expanded the catalogue of genetic signals contributing to SLE development; we can now explain more than 50% of the diseaseʼs heritability. Expression quantitative trait loci mapping with colocalization analysis of GWAS results help to identify the underlying causal genes. The Encyclopedia of DNA elements, Roadmap Epigenome, and the Blueprint Epigenome projects have jointly annotated more than 80% of the noncoding genome, providing a wealth of information (from healthy individuals) to define the functional elements within the risk loci. Technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, chromatin structure determination, and genome editing, will help elucidate the actual mechanisms that underpin SLE risk alleles. SUMMARYGene expression and epigenetic databases provide a valuable resource to interpret genetic association in SLE. Expansion of such resources to include disease status and multiple ancestries will further aid the exploration of the biology underlying the genetics.