The Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation in southern South America

This paper models the extent of the Patagonian icesheet during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and its subsequent deglaciation. It constrains a new coupled icesheet/climate numerical model with empirical evidence and simulates the icesheet at the LGM and at stages of deglaciation. Under LGM conditions an icesheet with a modelled volume slightly in excess of 500,000 km 3 builds up along the Andes. There is a marked contrast between the maritime and continental flanks of the modelled icesheet, with positive mass balance exceeding 2 m in the west and declining tenfold to the east. Modelled ice velocities commonly reach 400 m yr −1 in the western fjords. The model is most sensitive to variations in temperature and good agreement between modelled ice extent and empirical evidence was achieved by applying a temperature decrease of 6°C relative to present day temperatures with constant wind fields over the model domain. Assuming a stepped start to deglaciation, modelled ice volumes declined sharply, contributing 1.2 m to global sea level, 80% of it within 2000 years. The empirical record suggests that such a stepped warming occurred around 17,500–17,150 cal yr ago.