Risk factors for noninvasive ventilation failure in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: A prospective, observational cohort study

According to the multivariate logistic regression model, Killip class IV, left ventricular ejection fraction (LEVF) =3350pg/ml at baseline and fluid balance >=400ml within 24h after ACPE were independently associated with NIV failure. [...]there were some variables which should have been included in the multivariate analysis based on their clinical relevance, such as age, ischemic heart disease, or use of sedatives. [...]we think this study shows the difficulty that exists in the adequate selection of patient with ACPE that would benefit from early use of NIV.