Leptin Overexpression in Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Promotes Periodontal Regeneration in a Rat Model of Osteoporosis

Background: Osteoporosis is associated with widespread periodontitis and impaired periodontal healing. However, there is a lack of information about the outcomes of regenerative approaches under the influence of osteoporosis. This study investigates the effect of leptin (LEP) overexpression on the regenerative potential of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in an osteoporotic rat periodontal fenestration defect model. Methods: Rat BMSCs were transfected with adenoviruses harboring the human (h)LEP gene. Cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were evaluated. A β‐tricalcium phosphate scaffold seeded with transfected cells was implanted into nude mice to investigate ectopic osteogenesis and into an osteoporotic rat defect to study periodontal regeneration. Regenerated periodontal and bone‐like tissues were analyzed by histologic methods. Results: hLEP overexpression induced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs as evidenced by the upregulation of osteogenesis‐related genes such as Runt‐related transcription factor 2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and collagen Type I, as well as increased ALP activity and enhanced mineralization. Mice implanted with hLEP‐BMSC–containing scaffolds showed more extensive formation of bone‐like tissue than those in other groups. Periodontal defects were also filled to a greater degree when treated with hLEP‐BMSCs and contained cementum and a well‐organized periodontal ligament after 10 and 28 days. Conclusion: hLEP overexpression in BMSCs can stimulate periodontal regeneration in osteoporotic conditions and might be a promising strategy for periodontal regeneration in patients with osteoporosis.