The Sources of Mark Twain's "Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc"

This article highlights the role of the French and English sources used by Mark Twain in the making of his historical romance Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (1895—96). At different times he acquired, read, and heavily annotated a number of authorities that he later acknowledged in a list at the beginning of the book. Some of those references now reside in the Mark Twain Papers at the University of California, Berkeley.