Friction properties and deformation mechanisms of halite(-mica) gouges from low to high sliding velocities

The evolution of friction as a function of slip rate is important in understanding earthquake nucleation and propagation. Many laboratory experiments investigating friction of fault rocks are either conducted in the low velocity regime (10−8–10−4 ms−1) or in the high velocity regime (0.01–1 m s−1). Here, we report on the evolution of friction and corresponding operating deformation mechanisms in analog gouges deformed from low to high slip rates, bridging the gap between these low and high velocity regimes. We used halite and halite–muscovite gouges to simulate processes, governing friction, active in upper crustal quartzitic fault rocks, at conditions accessible in the laboratory. The gouges were deformed over a 7 orders of magnitude range of slip rate (10−7–1 m s−1) using a low-to-high velocity rotary shear apparatus, using a normal stress of 5 MPa and room-dry humidity. Microstructural analysis was conducted to study the deformation mechanisms. Four frictional regimes as a function of slip rate could be recognized from the mechanical data, showing a transitional regime and stable sliding (10−7–10−6 m s−1), unstable sliding and weakening (10−6–10−3 m s−1), hardening (10−2–10−1 m s−1) and strong weakening (10−1–1 m s−1). Each of the four regimes can be associated with a distinct microstructure, reflecting a transition from mainly brittle deformation accompanied by pressure solution healing to temperature activated deformation mechanisms. Additionally, the frictional response of a sliding gouge to a sudden acceleration of slip rate to seismic velocities was investigated. These showed an initial strengthening, the amount of which depended on the friction level at which the step was made, followed by strong slip weakening. •Fault gouge may be strong–weak–strong–weak from low to seismic velocities.•Cataclasis and pressure solution occur at low velocities.•Temperature-activated mechanisms control high velocity friction.•The slip weakening distance increases with sliding velocity.•A sudden large velocity increase on fault gouge fits rate-and-state behavior.