Anaerobe‐Inspired Anticancer Nanovesicles

Anaerobic bacteria, such as Clostridium and Salmonella, can selectively invade and colonize in tumor hypoxic regions (THRs) and deliver therapeutic products to destroy cancer cells. Herein, we present an anaerobe nanovesicle mimic that can not only be activated in THRs but also induce hypoxia in tumors by themselves. Moreover, inspired by the oxygen metabolism of anaerobes, we construct a light‐induced hypoxia‐responsive modality to promote dissociation of vehicles and activation of bioreductive prodrugs simultaneously. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that this anaerobe‐inspired nanovesicle can efficiently induce apoptotic cell death and significantly inhibit tumor growth. Our work provides a new strategy for engineering stimuli‐responsive drug delivery systems in a bioinspired and synergistic fashion. Biomimetische Vesikel imitieren den natürlichen Mechanismus der Tumorerkennung und des Wirkstofftransports anaerober Bakterien. Die Nanovesikel sind in Zellen mit einer normalen physiologischen Redox‐ und Sauerstoffbilanz stabil. Bei Lichteinstrahlung brechen sie auf und entfalten ihre duale synergistische Antikrebswirkung mit erhöhter therapeutischer Wirksamkeit.