Control of the extension–flexion cycle of human knees during bicycle riding by a synergy of solitary muscular excitations and contractions

A Hill-type model is proposed for the extension–flexion cycle of human knees during bicycle riding. The extension–flexion cycle is controlled by a synergy of muscular excitations and contractions of the knee musculature. Muscular action potentials are modeled by sine-Gordon kinks, while titin-influenced actomyosin contractions are modeled by Korteweg-de Vries solitons. As an application, the total knee arthroplasty is discussed.