Prevalence and Determinants of Repeat Mammography Among Women from a Developing Country

Failures in repeat mammography decrease the potential benefits of screening; however, it is notable that the recent use of mammography is more frequently studied than repeat use. We estimated the prevalence and analyzed determinants for repeat mammography among women from Mexico, a developing country of Latin America. It was a two-stage study with an initial cross-sectional design (n = 1045) and a final case-control design that involved women of at least 45 years of age with no history of breast, ovarian, or uterine cancer. Case subjects were those with three or more mammograms in the last 5 years, with the last one carried out within the last two years (n = 444); control subjects included those who underwent =3 mammograms throughout their life with the most recent carried out > 2 years ago (n = 444). Through interviews, we evaluated context-dependency, fulfillment of expected outcomes, self-efficacy, and risk perception, among other factors. We estimated the prevalence with 95 % confidence intervals (CI), and odds ratios (OR) using multivariate binary logistic regression. The prevalence of repeat mammography was 40.4 % (95 % CI 37.4–43.4). Self-efficacy demonstrated the highest effect on repeat use (OR 7.7, 95 % CI 4.7–12.6), followed by awareness context-dependency (OR 4.9, 95 % CI 3.3–7.2), the use of Papanicolaou testing (OR 3.5, 95 % CI 2.3–5.2), the fulfillment of expected waiting time outcome (OR 2.4, 95 % CI 1.2–4.7), and context-dependency related to self-referral/health provider referral (OR 2.4, 95 % CI 1.7–3.4), independent of risk perception, age, education, and positive emotional state of mind. The study showed a need for increasing the prevalence of promoting awareness of the determining factors of repeat mammogra-phy, which is a necessary component in the early detection of breast cancer.