Biologic Response Modifiers: Indications, Implications and Insights

Abstract The field of biologic immune-modulators is currently mushrooming at a dizzying pace. While most of these biologics are tested and approved for one or a few indications, their un-anticipated side effects and their off-label use have contributed significantly to our understanding of basic immune mechanisms, of the involvement of cytokines in several apparently non-immunologic diseases, and of the importance of compartmentalized immune responses. In this review, we attempt to give a bird's-eye view of the major biologics and to highlight insights and implications derived from their secondary effects and adverse reactions.