Capillary Microfluidics-Assembled Virus-like Particle Bionanoreceptor Interfaces for Label-Free Biosensing

A capillary microfluidics-integrated sensor system is developed for rapid assembly of bionanoreceptor interfaces on-chip and label-free biosensing. Genetically engineered Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virus-like particles (VLPs), displaying thousands copies of identical receptor peptides FLAG-tags, are utilized as nanoceptors for antibody sensing. Controlled and accelerated assembly of VLP receptor layer on impedance sensor has been achieved using capillary action and surface evaporation from an open-channel capillary microfluidic system. VLPs create a dense and localized receptor monolayer on the impedance sensor using only 5 μL of VLP sample solution (0.2 mg/mL) in only 6 min at room temperature. The VLP-functionalized impedance sensor is capable of label-free detection of target antibodies down to 55 pM concentration within 5 min. These results highlight the significant potentials of an integrated microsystem for rapid and controlled receptor–transducer interface creation and the nanoscale VLP-based sensors for fast, accurate, and decentralized pathogen detection.