Up-regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and complement 3A receptor by the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol and satratoxin G

The trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins that target leukocytes and have a wide range of immunomodulatory effects. Differential display analysis was applied to assess the effects of the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin, DON) and satratoxin G (SG), on mRNA in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Cells were incubated with DON (1 μg/ml) or SG (5 ng/ml) for 2 h and total RNA then subjected to RT-PCR with a set of oligo(dT) primers. Resultant cDNA was amplified using an oligo (dT) downstream primer and an arbitrary decanucleotide upstream primer to make 35S-labeled PCR products. After separation of the products in denaturing polyacrylamide gel, 23 differentially expressed cDNA fragments were isolated and sequenced. Two of these were identified as known genes, namely, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), a potent neutrophil chemoattractant involved in tissue injury and inflammation, and complement 3a receptor (C3aR), a proinflammatory mediator. Both MIP-2 and C3aR mRNAs were up-regulated by DON while only MIP-2 mRNA was induced by SG. Using commercially available antibodies, MIP-2 protein was also found to be induced by both DON and SG in RAW 264.7 cell cultures. When mice were treated with DON (12.5 mg/kg), splenic MIP-2 mRNA and serum MIP-2 levels were increased. MIP-2 mRNA and serum MIP-2 levels were synergistically increased when mice were co-treated with DON and LPS. Up-regulation of MIP-2 and C3aR are consistent with previous reports of trichothecene-induced inflammatory gene up-regulation and suggest that the specific genes affected may depend on trichothecene structures.