The effect of functional overreaching on parameters of autonomic heart rate regulation

Purpose Correlations between fatigue-induced changes in performance and maximal rate of HR increase (rHRI) may be affected by differing assessment workloads. This study evaluated the effect of assessing rHRI at different workloads on performance tracking, and compared this with HR variability (HRV) and HR recovery (HRR). Methods Performance [5-min cycling time trial (5TT)], rHRI (at multiple workloads), HRV and HRR were assessed in 12 male cyclists following 1 week of light training (LT), 2 weeks of heavy training (HT) and a 10-day taper (T). Results 5TT very likely decreased after HT (effect size ± 90% confidence interval = −0.75 ± 0.41), and almost certainly increased after T (1.15 ± 0.48). rHRI at 200 W likely increased at HT (0.70 ± 0.60), and then likely decreased at T (−0.50 ± 0.70). rHRI at 120 and 160 W was unchanged. Pre-exercise HR during rHRI assessments at 120 W and 160 W likely decreased after HT (≤−0.39 ± 0.14), and correlations between these changes and rHRI were large to very large ( r = −0.67 ± 0.31 and r = −0.78 ± 0.23). When controlling for pre-exercise HR, rHRI at 120 W very likely slowed after HT (−0.72 ± 0.44), and was moderately correlated with 5TT ( r = 0.35 ± 0.32). RMSSD likely increased at HT (0.75 ± 0.49) and likely decreased at T (−0.49 ± 0.49). HRR following 5TT likely increased at HT (0.84 ± 0.31) and then likely decreased at T (−0.81 ± 0.35). Conclusions When controlling for pre-exercise HR, rHRI assessment at 120 W most sensitively tracked performance. Increased RMSSD following HT indicated heightened parasympathetic modulation in fatigued athletes. HRR was only sensitive to changes in training status when assessed after maximal exercise, which may limit its practical applicability.