Coastal upwelling, primary production and mussel growth in the Rías Baixas of Galicia

The Rías Baixas are four flooded tectonic valleys located on the northwest Iberian Peninsula that support a mussel production of about 250 × 10^sup 6^ kg y^sup -1^ from 3337 mussel rafts. Mussel production in this region is the highest in Europe and one of the most intensive in the world, giving employment to 9000 people directly and 20000 indirectly. The causes of this high mussel production are discussed through the analysis of published and some unpublished information. The interaction between coastal upwelling and the circulation patterns in the Rías, which channel the 3-dimensional variability of the open ocean into a 2-dimensional system, promotes a massive response in the productivity of phytoplankton populations inside the Rías, even during weak upwelling events along the coast. Coastal upwelling in the area typically occurs between March-April and September-October. The mean value of gross primary production during the whole upwelling season is 1.4 g C m^sup -2^ d^sup -1^, although high sporadic values of 4 g C m^sup -2^ d^sup -1^ may occur during upwelling relaxation events, when phytoplankton export to the coastal shelf is restricted. Mussel growth occurs mainly during the upwelling season. It is estimated that mussel harvest extracts 10% of the primary production. The phytoplankton response to upwelling provides food of high quality (f 0.5) that determines high absorption efficiency (0.6), whereas the characteristics of the Rías maintains the seston concentration at levels (0.5 - 1.3 mg TPM l^sup -1^ and