Antigen-specific secretion of IFNγ and CXCL10 in whole blood assay detects Mycobacterium leprae infection but does not discriminate asymptomatic infection from symptomatic leprosy

Abstract To advance toward a whole blood assay/WBA-based test capable of facilitating the diagnosis of paucibacillary/PB leprosy, we evaluated a prototype in-tube WBA using combinations of M. leprae antigens. Blood was collected from newly diagnosed untreated PB (n = 38), multibacillary/MB (n = 30), healthy household contacts of MB/HHC (n = 27) and endemic controls/EC (n = 61) residing in Goiânia and Fortaleza, Brazil. Blood was incubated with M. leprae cell sonicate/MLCS, recombinant proteins (46f + LID-1; ML0276 + LID-1) or controls (PBS, PHA, PPD). Antigen-specific IFNγ production was observed in 71–84% and 55% of PB and HHC, respectively. Antigen-specific CXCL10 levels were similarly assessed to determine if, unlike IFNγ, CXCL10 could differentiate PB from HHC with repeated exposure/asymptomatic M. leprae infection. The CXCL10 levels induced in response to M. leprae antigens could not, however, differentiate PB from HHC. Despite these limitations, the WBAs reported here still represent important tools for assessing M. leprae infection rates and evaluating the impact of control measures.