Characterization of Femoral Component Initial Stability and Cortical Strain in a Reduced Stem Length Design

Abstract Background Short stemmed femoral components facilitate reduced exposure surgical techniques while preserving native bone. A clinically successful stem should ideally reduce risk for stress shielding while maintaining adequate primary stability for biological fixation. We asked (1) how stem length changes cortical strain distribution in the proximal femur in a fit-and-fill geometry, and (2) if short stemmed components exhibit primary stability on par with clinically successful designs. Methods Cortical strain was assessed via digital image correlation in composite femurs implanted with long, medium, and short metaphyseal fit-and-fill stem designs in a single-leg stance loading model. Strain was compared to a loaded, unimplanted femur. Bone-implant micromotion then compared with reduced lateral shoulder short stem, and short tapered-wedge designs in cyclic axial and torsional testing. Results Femurs implanted with short-stemmed components exhibited cortical strain response most closely matching that of the intact femur model, theoretically reducing the potential for proximal stress shielding. In micromotion testing, no difference in primary stability was observed as function of reduced stem length within the same component design. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that within this fit-and-fill stem design, reduction in stem length improved proximal cortical strain distribution and maintained axial and torsional stability on par with other stem designs in a composite femur model. Short stemmed implants may accommodate less invasive surgical techniques while facilitating more physiological femoral loading without sacrificing primary implant stability.