Electroconvulsive stimulation transiently enhances the permeability of the rat blood-brain barrier and induces astrocytic changes

Highlights • Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. • Department of Clinical Research NHO Tottori Medical Center, Tottori, Japan. • Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China. • Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. • Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. • Department of Psychiatry, Saint Patrick’s University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.