Effects of olive oil mill wastewater on chemical, microbiological, and physical properties of soil incubated under four different climatic conditions

The objective of this study was to understand the degradation of the organic matter of olive mill wastewater (OMW) and its phytotoxic and water repellent effects in dependence on four different climatic conditions. We hypothesized that warm conditions with sufficient soil moisture ensure optimal biological activity and thus minimize negative effects of the OMW treatment. Therefore, OMW-treated soil was incubated for 60 days under four climatic conditions. During incubation, we monitored pH, contents of nitrate, manganese and phenolic compounds, soil respiration, soil water repellency, and δ 13 C. Additionally, calorific value and thermal stability of the soil organic matter at the beginning and end of incubation were determined. Soil samples of the wet-cold and moist-warm incubation were tested for phytotoxicity using a seed germination bioassay with Lepidium sativum . As a function of climatic conditions, positive and negative effects, e.g., addition of nutrients, phytotoxicity, and soil water repellency, were observed. Under dry-hot conditions, the soil was still water repellent after 60 days of incubation whereas the wet-hot, moist-warm, and wet-cold incubation show that soil would stay wettable if soil moisture before OMW treatment would be sufficient. Thus, the impact of OMW treatment on soil quality strongly depends on the environmental conditions which should favor an enhancement of microbial activity to minimize negative effects.