Genealogy of the Anterior Pituitary Gland: Tracing a Family Tree

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is derived from the oral ectoderm early in gestation. A variety of techniques have been used to understand how early precursor cells differentiate to form the five major cell types that populate the adult anterior lobe. Current evidence suggests that corticotropes arise from a lineage distinct from that of the other four cell types. The cells of the other lineage branch – thyrotropes, gonadotropes, somatotropes and lactotropes – appear to be related because of their dependence on common transcription factors and the frequent occurrence of cells that produce multiple hormones. While thyrotropes arise through two routes, the lineage related to somatotropes and lactotropes appears to be the most important for hormone production. Each cell type can populate the organ and function in the absence of the other cell types, except for lactotropes, which have a strong dependence on somatotropes. Our current knowledge of anterior pituitary cell lineage relationships may contribute to a better understanding of the origin of pituitary adenomas and tumors.