Micro-endoscopic system for functional assessment of neural circuits in deep brain regions: Simultaneous optical and electrical recordings of auditory responses in mouse’s inferior colliculus

•We developed a micro-endoscope for simultaneous optical and electrical recordings.•This system enables us to observe neuronal activities from deep brain regions.•This system enables us to compare electrical recording and optical response. In vivo Ca2+ imaging is a powerful method for the functional assessment of neural circuits. Although multi-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy has been widely used, observation of circuits in deep brain regions remains challenging. Recently, observing these deep regions has become possible via an endoscope consisting of an optical fiber bundle or gradient-index lens. We have designed a micro-endoscope system that enables simultaneous optical recording of fluorescence and electrical recording of neural activity. Using this system, we recorded auditory responses by simultaneously detecting changes in the fluorescence intensity of a Ca2+ indicator dye, multi-unit activities (MUA), and local field potentials (LFP) in the mouse’s inferior colliculus (IC). Such simultaneous optical and electrical recordings enabled detailed comparison of electrically recorded phenomena (MUA and LFP) and optically recorded Ca2+ response. By systematically changing sound frequency and intensity, we determined the frequency tuning of the recording site. The best frequency shifted higher as the probe advanced more deeply, demonstrating that the system is capable of optically measuring the dorso-ventral organization of IC (i.e., tonotopicity). Thus, our new micro-endoscope system will be useful in the neurophysiological studies of a wide range of brain circuits, including those within the auditory system.