High-resolution acoustic characteristics of epicontinental sea deposits, central–eastern Yellow Sea

Large amounts (45390 line km) of closely spaced (2.2–4.4 km) high-resolution subbottom profiles (Chirp, 2–7 kHz) made it possible to identify detailed echo types and their distribution in an epicontinental shelf environment. On the basis of seafloor morphology, surface bedforms and subbottom acoustic characters, 10 echo types were identified in the uppermost sedimentary sequence of the central-eastern Yellow Sea. Flat seafloor with sharp bottom echoes (echo types 1-1, 1-2 and 1-3a; transgressive sediment sheets or relict sands) is widespread in the offshore area and underlain to the west by an acoustically transparent wedge (echo type 1-3b; highstand muds). Mounded seafloor with either smooth surface or superposed bedforms (echo types 2-1, 2-2 and 2-3; tidal ridges) and flat seafloor with regularly spaced, wavy bedforms (echo type 1-4; large-scale dunes) are dominant in the eastern nearshore area. Large-scale mounds with continuous, inclined internal reflectors (echo type 2-4; giant mud bank) occur in the southeastern nearshore area. Various-scale eroded seafloor (echo types 3-1 and 3-2; channels) and flat seafloor with regularly spaced, wavy bedforms (echo type 1-4; large-scale dunes) are present in the northern part of the sea. The distribution pattern of echo types in the central–eastern Yellow Sea reflects depositional processes and sediment dispersal systems during the Holocene transgression and highstand period: (1) development of tidal ridges and large-scale dunes in response to strong tidal currents and waves in the eastern nearshore area; (2) construction of transgressive to highstand mud bank (Huksan mud belt) by deposition of muds derived from the Keum river in the southeastern nearshore area; (3) active erosion due to intensified currents in the northern part; and (4) highstand mud deposition derived from the Huanghe river on the transgressive sediment sheets in the offshore area.