Truth in Reporting: How Data Capture Methods Obfuscate Actual Surgical Site Infection Rates within a Health Care Network System

BACKGROUND:Two systems measure surgical site infection rates following colorectal surgeriesthe American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services pay-for-performance initiatives use National Healthcare Safety Network data for hospital comparisons. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to compare database concordance. DESIGN:This is a multi-institution cohort study of systemwide Colorectal Surgery Collaborative. The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program requires rigorous, standardized data capture techniques; National Healthcare Safety Network allows 5 data capture techniques. Standardized surgical site infection rates were compared between databases. The Cohen κ-coefficient was calculated. SETTING:This study was conducted at Boston-area hospitals. PATIENTS:National Healthcare Safety Network or National Surgical Quality Improvement Program patients undergoing colorectal surgery were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Standardized surgical site infection rates were the primary outcomes of interest. RESULTS:Thirty-day surgical site infection rates of 3547 (National Surgical Quality Improvement Program) vs 5179 (National Healthcare Safety Network) colorectal procedures (2012–2014). Discrepancies appearedNational Surgical Quality Improvement Program database of hospital 1 (N = 1480 patients) routinely found surgical site infection rates of approximately 10%, routinely deemed rate “exemplary” or “as expected” (100%). National Healthcare Safety Network data from the same hospital and time period (N = 1881) revealed a similar overall surgical site infection rate (10%), but standardized rates were deemed “worse than national average” 80% of the time. Overall, hospitals using less rigorous capture methods had improved surgical site infection rates for National Healthcare Safety Network compared with standardized National Surgical Quality Improvement Program reports. The correlation coefficient between standardized infection rates was 0.03 (p = 0.88). During 25 site–time period observations, National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and National Healthcare Safety Network data matched for 52% of observations (13/25). κ = 0.10 (95% CI, –0.1366 to 0.3402; p = 0.403), indicating poor agreement. LIMITATIONS:This study investigated hospitals located in the Northeastern United States only. CONCLUSIONS:Variation in Centers