Linking Long Noncoding RNA Localization and Function

Recent studies have revealed the regulatory potential of many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Most lncRNAs, like mRNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase II and are capped, polyadenylated, and spliced. However, the subcellular fates of lncRNAs are distinct and the mechanisms of action are diverse. Investigating the mechanisms that determine the subcellular fate of lncRNAs has the potential to provide new insights into their biogenesis and specialized functions. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) comprise different classes of RNA molecules with sizes greater than 200 nt. The function of lncRNAs is associated with their unique subcellular localization patterns. Mature lncRNAs can accumulate in cis, localize in the nucleus in trans, or export to the cytoplasm to execute their functions. Multiple factors including ribonucleic nuclear retention elements, nuclear protein factors, higher-order chromosome organization, and the coupling of RNA–protein assemblies with lncRNA transcription may dictate the subcellular localization patterns of lncRNAs. A better understanding of the lncRNAs themselves is crucial to link these noncoding transcripts to RNA biology and to address their cellular roles in depth.