Transcriptional down‐regulation of MARCKS gene expression in immortalized hippocampal cells by lithium

The gene (Macs) for the mouse myristoylated alanine‐rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) encodes a prominent substrate for protein kinase C that has been implicated in processes requiring signal dependent changes in actin‐membrane plasticity and cytoskeletal restructuring. We have previously demonstrated that MARCKS protein is significantly down‐regulated in rat hippocampus and in an immortalized hippocampal cell line (HN33.dw) following long‐term exposure to lithium at clinically relevant concentrations (1 mm). Our current studies have examined transcriptional and post‐transcriptional events that may underlie the lithium‐induced down‐regulation of MARCKS protein in the cultured hippocampal cell model system. MARCKS mRNA and protein expression were found to be concomitantly down‐regulated following exposure of the HN33.dw cells to chronic lithium. Whereas the stability of MARCKS mRNA remained unchanged in the presence of lithium, nuclear run‐off assay indicated that the transcription of nascent MARCKS mRNA was significantly reduced (≈50%) in the cells that had been treated with lithium for 7 days. Transient transfection of HN33.dw cells with a mouse cloned Macs promoter (993‐bp) showed that the Macs promoter activity was attenuated to the same extent after chronic (7–10 days), but not subacute (24 h), lithium exposure. The inhibition of the Macs promoter was found to be dependent upon the presence of a 280‐bp promoter region between −993‐bp and −713‐bp relative to the translation start site, suggesting that this region is a potential lithium‐responsive region of Macs promoter (LRR). Mutant promoter lacking the LRR not only did not respond to chronic lithium exposure but also had significantly reduced promoter activity, suggesting that chronic lithium exposure represses the transcriptional activity of activator(s) bound to the promoter. Taken together, our data indicate that transcriptional inhibition of the Macs gene underlies the lithium‐induced down‐regulation of MARCKS expression in the immortalized hippocampal cells.