Antitumor effect of dobutamine on multiple myeloma via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in vitro

Multiple myeloma （MM） is one of the most malignant cancers and is characterized by infiltration of bone marrow by plasma cells, secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulins and osteolytic lesions, and its incidence is increasing in the middle-aged and elderly patients . As MM cells are heterogeneous and drug resistant, ini- tial MM usually progresses to the relapsed/refractory stage. Although existing therapies such as thalidomide, bortezomib, and lenalidomide can prolong the survival of MM patients, MM is still regarded as incurable. Therefore, it is necessary to establish new effective therapies to treat relapsed/refractory MM.