Influence of temperature on biological rhythms

The various effects that temperature can exert on biological periodicities are reviewed. Particular consideration is given to the remarkable capability of many rhythms either to respond in a temperature-dependent manner, especially in nonsteady-state conditions, or to behave almost independently of temperature (temperature compensated) in the steady state. Therefore, organisms are able to use temperature changes as synchronization cues and to measure time at different temperatures. Changes of temperature can induce transients, aftereffects and, eventually, alterations in the phase response behavior, sometimes even in the rhythmicity itself. Treatment with low temperatures can, at least in some cases, hold the circadian clock, and considerably reduce the sensitivity of rhythms toward certain drugs.