Widespread polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of urban soils in Melbourne, Australia
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants in a variety of materials and products. PBDEs have been shown to accumulate in the environment and human populations while exhibiting a range of toxic effects. In this study, surface soil samples from 30 sites in the city of M...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Chemosphere (Oxford) 2016-12, Vol.164, p.225-232 |
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| creator | McGrath, Thomas J. Morrison, Paul D. Sandiford, Christopher J. Ball, Andrew S. Clarke, Bradley O. |
| description | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants in a variety of materials and products. PBDEs have been shown to accumulate in the environment and human populations while exhibiting a range of toxic effects. In this study, surface soil samples from 30 sites in the city of Melbourne, Australia, were analysed for PBDEs. Eight congeners of environmental concern (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 -183 and -209) were assessed using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PBDEs were detected in 29/30 samples with Σ8PBDE soil concentrations ranging nd-13,200 ng/g dw and Σ7PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) levels of nd-70.5 ng/g dw. Soils from waste disposal sites (n = 6) contained the highest median Σ7PBDE and Σ8PBDE concentrations, followed by manufacturing sites (n = 18) and then non-source sites (n = 6). Electronics recycling facilities contained the greatest levels of Σ8PBDEs by a significant margin (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.017 |
| format | Article |
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•Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in a total of 30 soil samples from across the city of Melbourne, Australia.•PBDEs were detected in 29 of the 30 soil samples analysed.•BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener detected in soils.•Electronic waste recycling was found to be a significant potential source of PBDEs to soils.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0045-6535</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1298</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.017</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27588576</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Australia ; Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) ; Cities ; Electronic Waste ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Flame Retardants - analysis ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers - analysis ; Land contamination ; Organic Chemicals - analysis ; Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) ; Polybrominated Biphenyls - analysis ; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) ; Quality Control ; Soil ; Soil - chemistry ; Soil Pollutants - analysis ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry</subject><ispartof>Chemosphere (Oxford), 2016-12, Vol.164, p.225-232</ispartof><rights>2016 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c476t-35014d9948a02b2a21a9b3418ff6609f3d64baf908e0cfd85de325be924fc8e33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c476t-35014d9948a02b2a21a9b3418ff6609f3d64baf908e0cfd85de325be924fc8e33</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4559-9585 ; 0000-0003-3168-4030</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.017$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27588576$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>McGrath, Thomas J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morrison, Paul D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sandiford, Christopher J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ball, Andrew S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clarke, Bradley O.</creatorcontrib><title>Widespread polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of urban soils in Melbourne, Australia</title><title>Chemosphere (Oxford)</title><addtitle>Chemosphere</addtitle><description>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants in a variety of materials and products. PBDEs have been shown to accumulate in the environment and human populations while exhibiting a range of toxic effects. In this study, surface soil samples from 30 sites in the city of Melbourne, Australia, were analysed for PBDEs. Eight congeners of environmental concern (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 -183 and -209) were assessed using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PBDEs were detected in 29/30 samples with Σ8PBDE soil concentrations ranging nd-13,200 ng/g dw and Σ7PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) levels of nd-70.5 ng/g dw. Soils from waste disposal sites (n = 6) contained the highest median Σ7PBDE and Σ8PBDE concentrations, followed by manufacturing sites (n = 18) and then non-source sites (n = 6). Electronics recycling facilities contained the greatest levels of Σ8PBDEs by a significant margin (p < 0.05) to indicate that these industries are a potential source of contamination. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, contributing an average of 75.5% to Σ8PBDEs soil concentrations, followed by BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-183 at 7.90, 5.64 and 4.31%, respectively. Congener profiles reflected global estimates of Deca-BDE, Octa-BDE and Penta- BDE commercial production, with the most significant congener correlation existing between BDE-47 and BDE-99 (p < 0.001, r = 0.943). This first assessment of PBDEs in Melbourne soils indicates widespread contamination of the urban environment, including locations where direct sources to soil are not clear.
•Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in a total of 30 soil samples from across the city of Melbourne, Australia.•PBDEs were detected in 29 of the 30 soil samples analysed.•BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener detected in soils.•Electronic waste recycling was found to be a significant potential source of PBDEs to soils.</description><subject>Australia</subject><subject>Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)</subject><subject>Cities</subject><subject>Electronic Waste</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Flame Retardants - analysis</subject><subject>Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers - analysis</subject><subject>Land contamination</subject><subject>Organic Chemicals - analysis</subject><subject>Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)</subject><subject>Polybrominated Biphenyls - analysis</subject><subject>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)</subject><subject>Quality Control</subject><subject>Soil</subject><subject>Soil - chemistry</subject><subject>Soil Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Tandem Mass Spectrometry</subject><issn>0045-6535</issn><issn>1879-1298</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkMFu1DAQhq2qqF1KXwG5tyKRYDtxYh_L0gJSERxAPVqOPVa9SuzUTpD27XHZFvXIaaTR98-v-RC6oKSmhHYfdrW5hynm-R4S1KysaiJqQvsjtKGilxVlUhyjDSEtrzre8FP0OucdIYXk8gSdsp4Lwftug-ydt5DnBNriOY77IcXJB72AxdaX-2E_YlhKD7788fHT9TtsYlj0X8THgKPDaxp0wDn6MWMf8DcYh7imAO_x1ZqXpEev36BXTo8Zzp_mGfp1c_1z-6W6_f756_bqtjJt3y1VwwltrZSt0IQNTDOq5dC0VDjXdUS6xnbtoJ0kAohxVnALDeMDSNY6I6BpztDl4e6c4sMKeVGTzwbGUQeIa1ZUsF6yhgpeUHlATYo5J3BqTn7Saa8oUY-S1U69kKweJSsiVJFcsm-fatZhAvsv-Wy1ANsDAOXZ3x6SysZDMGB9ArMoG_1_1PwBpXaU7A</recordid><startdate>201612</startdate><enddate>201612</enddate><creator>McGrath, Thomas J.</creator><creator>Morrison, Paul D.</creator><creator>Sandiford, Christopher J.</creator><creator>Ball, Andrew S.</creator><creator>Clarke, Bradley O.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4559-9585</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3168-4030</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201612</creationdate><title>Widespread polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of urban soils in Melbourne, Australia</title><author>McGrath, Thomas J. ; Morrison, Paul D. ; Sandiford, Christopher J. ; Ball, Andrew S. ; Clarke, Bradley O.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c476t-35014d9948a02b2a21a9b3418ff6609f3d64baf908e0cfd85de325be924fc8e33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Australia</topic><topic>Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)</topic><topic>Cities</topic><topic>Electronic Waste</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>Flame Retardants - analysis</topic><topic>Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers - analysis</topic><topic>Land contamination</topic><topic>Organic Chemicals - analysis</topic><topic>Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)</topic><topic>Polybrominated Biphenyls - analysis</topic><topic>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)</topic><topic>Quality Control</topic><topic>Soil</topic><topic>Soil - chemistry</topic><topic>Soil Pollutants - analysis</topic><topic>Tandem Mass Spectrometry</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>McGrath, Thomas J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morrison, Paul D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sandiford, Christopher J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ball, Andrew S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clarke, Bradley O.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Chemosphere (Oxford)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>McGrath, Thomas J.</au><au>Morrison, Paul D.</au><au>Sandiford, Christopher J.</au><au>Ball, Andrew S.</au><au>Clarke, Bradley O.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Widespread polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of urban soils in Melbourne, Australia</atitle><jtitle>Chemosphere (Oxford)</jtitle><addtitle>Chemosphere</addtitle><date>2016-12</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>164</volume><spage>225</spage><epage>232</epage><pages>225-232</pages><issn>0045-6535</issn><eissn>1879-1298</eissn><abstract>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants in a variety of materials and products. PBDEs have been shown to accumulate in the environment and human populations while exhibiting a range of toxic effects. In this study, surface soil samples from 30 sites in the city of Melbourne, Australia, were analysed for PBDEs. Eight congeners of environmental concern (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 -183 and -209) were assessed using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PBDEs were detected in 29/30 samples with Σ8PBDE soil concentrations ranging nd-13,200 ng/g dw and Σ7PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) levels of nd-70.5 ng/g dw. Soils from waste disposal sites (n = 6) contained the highest median Σ7PBDE and Σ8PBDE concentrations, followed by manufacturing sites (n = 18) and then non-source sites (n = 6). Electronics recycling facilities contained the greatest levels of Σ8PBDEs by a significant margin (p < 0.05) to indicate that these industries are a potential source of contamination. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, contributing an average of 75.5% to Σ8PBDEs soil concentrations, followed by BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-183 at 7.90, 5.64 and 4.31%, respectively. Congener profiles reflected global estimates of Deca-BDE, Octa-BDE and Penta- BDE commercial production, with the most significant congener correlation existing between BDE-47 and BDE-99 (p < 0.001, r = 0.943). This first assessment of PBDEs in Melbourne soils indicates widespread contamination of the urban environment, including locations where direct sources to soil are not clear.
•Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in a total of 30 soil samples from across the city of Melbourne, Australia.•PBDEs were detected in 29 of the 30 soil samples analysed.•BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener detected in soils.•Electronic waste recycling was found to be a significant potential source of PBDEs to soils.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>27588576</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.017</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4559-9585</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3168-4030</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Australia Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) Cities Electronic Waste Environmental Monitoring - methods Flame Retardants - analysis Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers - analysis Land contamination Organic Chemicals - analysis Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) Polybrominated Biphenyls - analysis Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) Quality Control Soil Soil - chemistry Soil Pollutants - analysis Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
| title | Widespread polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of urban soils in Melbourne, Australia |
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