Signs of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for traumatic dental injury among schoolchildren: a case-control study

Background The determination of risk factors for traumatic dental injury (TDI) is important to the implementation of preventive measures. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between signs of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and TDI. Material and Methods A case–control (1 : 1) study involved a population‐based sample of 230 schoolchildren aged seven to 12 years. The case and control groups were composed of children with (n = 115) and without (n = 115) TDI, respectively. The groups were matched for age and sex. The outcome variable (TDI) was detected using the O'Brien criteria. The main independent variable (signs of ADHD) was evaluated using the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham scale (version IV) administered to parents and teachers. Socio‐demographic characteristics and accentuated overjet were analyzed as confounding factors. Statistical analysis involved the McNemar's test as well as the bivariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression. Results The multivariate regression demonstrated that schoolchildren with the signs of hyperactivity (parental reports) had a 2.33‐fold greater chance of exhibiting TDI (95% CI: 1.10–4.94) than those without this condition, as well as those with accentuated overjet (OR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.70–5.77). Conclusion Schoolchildren whose parents reported signs suggestive of hyperactivity had a greater chance of exhibiting TDI than those without such signs.