Littoral cell angioma of the spleen: a study of 25 cases with confirmation of frequent association with visceral malignancies

Aims Littoral cell angioma (LCA) is a rare primary splenic tumour that is frequently associated with internal malignancies. Immunohistochemistry can demonstrate a distinct hybrid endothelial–histiocytic phenotype of littoral cells, and is a helpful adjunct for making the correct diagnosis. The aims of this study were to present a series of 25 LCAs, with an emphasis on the frequent association of the neoplasm with visceral malignancies, and to provide a detailed immunohistochemical analysis by employing new markers. Methods and results All 25 cases with available tissue blocks were immunohistochemically stained for endothelial and histiocytic markers. Clinical and follow‐up data were retrieved from the respective institutions. The tumours were obtained from 16 males and nine females, whose age ranged from 32 to 86 years (mean 56.2 years). Clinical information was available for 24 of 25 patients, and follow‐up for 11 of 25 patients (range 2–19 years; mean 11.6 years). Immunohistochemically, all cases were positive for LYVE‐1, factor VIII, FLI‐1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)‐2, VEGFR‐3, claudin‐5, ERG, LMO2, CD31, CD163, lysozyme, and CD4, but negative for D2‐40, CD8, and factor XIIIa. Fifteen of 25 cases were associated with various malignancies, including epithelial, mesenchymal and haematological tumours. Conclusions The cohort of 25 patients is the largest series of LCAs published to date. By using antibodies against recently introduced endothelial markers, we have expanded the immunoprofile of LCA. We have further highlighted the clinical significance of LCA, as more than half of the patients in this study also harboured a coexisting visceral malignancy. Therefore, we conclude that the finding of splenic LCA mandates a thorough clinical evaluation for a concomitant malignancy.