Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments
The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, build...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2017-04, Vol.24 (12), p.10992-11005 |
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| creator | Zhou, Lingli Hiltscher, Marco Gruber, Daniel Püttmann, Wilhelm |
| description | The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, building material markets, schools, offices, and day care centers, while outdoor samples were simultaneously collected close to the indoor sampling locations. The total OPFR concentrations (∑OPFRs) in indoor air ranged from 3.30 to 751.0 ng/m
3
with a median of 40.23 ng/m
3
, which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m
3
), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m
3
) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m
3
), schools (36.23 ng/m
3
), day care centers (31.80 ng/m
3
), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m
3
) (
p
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-016-6902-z |
| format | Article |
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3
with a median of 40.23 ng/m
3
, which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m
3
), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m
3
) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m
3
), schools (36.23 ng/m
3
), day care centers (31.80 ng/m
3
), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m
3
) (
p
< 0.05). Distribution profiles of OPFRs varied among different indoor microenvironments, which are evidenced by dominating indoor air concentrations of non-Cl-OPFRs in day care centers, floor/carpet stores, schools, and of Cl-OPFRs in other indoor microenvironments. Multivariate analyses revealed three distinct groups for OPFRs, i.e., TiBP/TnBP, TEP/TCEP/TDCPP, and TCPP, whose concentrations were closely associated with the distribution profiles and pollution characteristics of materials predominating in different indoor microenvironments.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6902-z</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27230144</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis ; Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis ; Air sampling ; Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Construction materials ; Day care centers ; Dust ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecotoxicology ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Environmental science ; Flame retardants ; Flame Retardants - analysis ; Germany ; Indoor air pollution ; Indoor environments ; Markets ; Microenvironments ; Organophosphates ; Organophosphates - analysis ; Outdoor air quality ; Recent Advances in Chemistry and the Environment ; Schools ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2017-04, Vol.24 (12), p.10992-11005</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016</rights><rights>Environmental Science and Pollution Research is a copyright of Springer, 2017.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c501t-fc2122674219872a12e8c0d0ef5b73ad24a817151686763fe80963e175ebb8823</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c501t-fc2122674219872a12e8c0d0ef5b73ad24a817151686763fe80963e175ebb8823</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-016-6902-z$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-016-6902-z$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27230144$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Lingli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hiltscher, Marco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gruber, Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Püttmann, Wilhelm</creatorcontrib><title>Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><description>The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, building material markets, schools, offices, and day care centers, while outdoor samples were simultaneously collected close to the indoor sampling locations. The total OPFR concentrations (∑OPFRs) in indoor air ranged from 3.30 to 751.0 ng/m
3
with a median of 40.23 ng/m
3
, which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m
3
), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m
3
) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m
3
), schools (36.23 ng/m
3
), day care centers (31.80 ng/m
3
), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m
3
) (
p
< 0.05). Distribution profiles of OPFRs varied among different indoor microenvironments, which are evidenced by dominating indoor air concentrations of non-Cl-OPFRs in day care centers, floor/carpet stores, schools, and of Cl-OPFRs in other indoor microenvironments. Multivariate analyses revealed three distinct groups for OPFRs, i.e., TiBP/TnBP, TEP/TCEP/TDCPP, and TCPP, whose concentrations were closely associated with the distribution profiles and pollution characteristics of materials predominating in different indoor microenvironments.</description><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis</subject><subject>Air sampling</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Construction materials</subject><subject>Day care centers</subject><subject>Dust</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Flame retardants</subject><subject>Flame Retardants - analysis</subject><subject>Germany</subject><subject>Indoor air pollution</subject><subject>Indoor environments</subject><subject>Markets</subject><subject>Microenvironments</subject><subject>Organophosphates</subject><subject>Organophosphates - 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Academic</collection><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhou, Lingli</au><au>Hiltscher, Marco</au><au>Gruber, Daniel</au><au>Püttmann, Wilhelm</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle><stitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</stitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><date>2017-04-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>24</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>10992</spage><epage>11005</epage><pages>10992-11005</pages><issn>0944-1344</issn><eissn>1614-7499</eissn><abstract>The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, building material markets, schools, offices, and day care centers, while outdoor samples were simultaneously collected close to the indoor sampling locations. The total OPFR concentrations (∑OPFRs) in indoor air ranged from 3.30 to 751.0 ng/m
3
with a median of 40.23 ng/m
3
, which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m
3
), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m
3
) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m
3
), schools (36.23 ng/m
3
), day care centers (31.80 ng/m
3
), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m
3
) (
p
< 0.05). Distribution profiles of OPFRs varied among different indoor microenvironments, which are evidenced by dominating indoor air concentrations of non-Cl-OPFRs in day care centers, floor/carpet stores, schools, and of Cl-OPFRs in other indoor microenvironments. Multivariate analyses revealed three distinct groups for OPFRs, i.e., TiBP/TnBP, TEP/TCEP/TDCPP, and TCPP, whose concentrations were closely associated with the distribution profiles and pollution characteristics of materials predominating in different indoor microenvironments.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>27230144</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11356-016-6902-z</doi><tpages>14</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Environmental science and pollution research international, 2017-04, Vol.24 (12), p.10992-11005 |
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| language | eng |
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| subjects | Air Pollutants - analysis Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Air sampling Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Construction materials Day care centers Dust Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental science Flame retardants Flame Retardants - analysis Germany Indoor air pollution Indoor environments Markets Microenvironments Organophosphates Organophosphates - analysis Outdoor air quality Recent Advances in Chemistry and the Environment Schools Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control |
| title | Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments |
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