Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, build...

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Veröffentlicht in:Environmental science and pollution research international 2017-04, Vol.24 (12), p.10992-11005
Hauptverfasser: Zhou, Lingli, Hiltscher, Marco, Gruber, Daniel, Püttmann, Wilhelm
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Sprache:eng
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Zusammenfassung:The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, building material markets, schools, offices, and day care centers, while outdoor samples were simultaneously collected close to the indoor sampling locations. The total OPFR concentrations (∑OPFRs) in indoor air ranged from 3.30 to 751.0 ng/m 3 with a median of 40.23 ng/m 3 , which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m 3 ), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m 3 ) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m 3 ), schools (36.23 ng/m 3 ), day care centers (31.80 ng/m 3 ), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m 3 ) ( p  
ISSN:0944-1344
1614-7499
DOI:10.1007/s11356-016-6902-z