Cloudphysical parameters in dependence on height above cloud base in different clouds

On flights with the DLR icing research aircraft the dependence of aircraft icing on cloudphysical parameters was determined; both for aircraft-referred icing and for normalized icing, as well as for various clouds and locations in clouds. This is done with an improvement of icing predictions in mind. The species of the cloud and the distance from cloud base are called here ``cloud parameters''; while under ``cloud-physical parameters'' are understood liquid water content, temperature, particle size distribution and particle phase. Results from four icing flights are discussed, selected from a total of forty vertical soundings.--The results are arranged in four classes: Stratus /cumulus mixed, stratus; with and without precipitation at the ground. 1) Stratus/cumulus with either simultaneous or earlier (3 h) precipitation at ground: Maxima of liquid water content (LWC: 0.75 and 0.55 g/m super(3) , resp.) and maxima of the median volume diameter (MVD: 183 and 123 mu m, resp.) both located in lower half of clouds. 2) Stratus/cumulus without precipitation: Maximum of LWC (0.45 g/m super(3) ) in upper third of cloud, but MVD increasing from base to top of cloud (7 to 20 mu m). 3) Stratus with precipitation: No results. 4) Stratus without precipitation: Both LWC and MVD increase from base to top of cloud; maxima directly beneath cloud top: LWC 0.50 g/m super(3) ; MVD 17 mu m.