Hydrogeochemical characterization of oilfield waters from southeast Maracaibo Basin (Venezuela): Diagenetic effects on chemical and isotopic composition

Free water and water in emulsion with oil from hydrocarbon wells onshore–offshore Lake Maracaibo were extracted and analyzed. The use of classical and new chemical diagrams evidenced that Na–HCO3 and Na–Cl are the main chemical facies, whereas Na–SO4 facies was rare and revealed only in faulted areas in which shallow groundwater was involved in deep circulation. Cretaceous Ca–Cl waters were not revealed, but their imprint on some samples was traced and evidenced by Langelier–Ludwig, Brine-Differentiation and Caexcess vs. Nadeficit diagrams. These square plots, allowing a discrimination between the water contributions from the different source rocks, should be more exploited as hydrogeochemical tools in hydrocarbon exploration. Original data on monocarboxylic anions showed acetate concentration higher than ten times that of formate at sampling conditions, but speciation under deep conditions indicated a reversed activity dominance. Calculation of saturation indexes and kinetic modeling showed an active precipitation of chalcedony, kaolinite and clays, especially where the temperature was lower (T