Artificial ionospheric layers driven by high‐frequency radiowaves: An assessment

High‐power ordinary mode radio waves produce artificial ionization in the F region ionosphere at the European Incoherent Scatter (Tromsø, Norway) and High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (Gakona, Alaska, USA) facilities. We have summarized the features of the excited plasma turbulence and descending layers of freshly ionized (“artificial”) plasma. The concept of an ionizing wavefront created by accelerated suprathermal electrons appears to be in accordance with the data. The strong Langmuir turbulence (SLT) regime is revealed by the specific spectral features of incoherent radar backscatter and stimulated electromagnetic emissions. Theory predicts that the SLT acceleration is facilitated in the presence of photoelectrons. This agrees with the intensified artificial plasma production and the greater speeds of descent but weaker incoherent radar backscatter in the sunlit ionosphere. Numerical investigation of propagation of O‐mode waves and the development of SLT and descending layers have been performed. The greater extent of the SLT region at the magnetic zenith than that at vertical appears to make magnetic zenith injections more efficient for electron acceleration and descending layers. At high powers, anomalous absorption is suppressed, leading to the Langmuir and upper hybrid processes during the whole heater on period. The data suggest that parametric upper hybrid interactions mitigate anomalous absorption at heating frequencies far from electron gyroharmonics and also generate SLT in the upper hybrid layer. The persistence of artificial plasma at the terminal altitude depends on how close the heating frequency is to the local gyroharmonic. Key Points Observations of HF‐driven plasma turbulence and descending layers are summarized Concept of an ionizing wavefront due to accelerated electrons is consistent with the observations At high HF powers Langmuir and upper hybrid processes coexist