A demonstration of precise calibration of tropospheric delay fluctuations with water vapor radiometers

The ability of water vapor radiometers (WVRs) to calibrate changes in tropospheric delay was demonstrated during very long baseline radio interferometer (VLBI) observations at Goldstone, California. WVR measurements reduced the observed VLBI delay variations over a 13 hr period by a factor of ≈2.5. When applied to shorter time scales, a ≈50% reduction in 100–700 s delay variations was achieved during conditions of high tropospheric activity. Thermal WVR noise precluded calibration of short time scale delay fluctuations during quiet tropospheric conditions.