Chromium-Modified Li4Ti5O12 with a Synergistic Effect of Bulk Doping, Surface Coating, and Size Reducing

Bulk doping, surface coating, and size reducing are three strategies for improving the electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO). In this work, chromium (Cr)-modified LTO with a synergistic effect of bulk doping, surface coating, and size reducing is synthesized by a facile sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis prove that Cr dopes into the LTO bulk lattice, which effectively inhibits the generation of TiO2 impurities. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) verifies the surface coating of Li2CrO4 on the LTO surface, which decreases impedance of the LTO electrode. More importantly, the size of LTO particles can be significantly reduced from submicroscale to nanoscale as a result of the protection of the Li2CrO4 surface layer and the suppression from Cr atoms on the long-range order in the LTO lattice. As anode material, Li4‑x Cr3x Ti5–2x O12 (x = 0.1) delivers a reversible capacity of 141 mAh g–1 at 10 °C, and over 155 mAh g–1 at 1 °C after 1000 cycles. Therefore, the Cr-modified Li4Ti5O12 prepared via a sol–gel method has potential for applications in high-power, long-life lithium-ion batteries.