Implementation of prognostic cloud scheme for a Regional Spectral Model

The purpose of this study is to develop a precipitation physics package for the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Regional Spectral Model (RSM) designed to improve the skill of precipitation forecasts. The package incorporates a prognostic grid-resolvable precipitation scheme and a subgrid-scale precipitation parameterization scheme with a convective trigger that explicitly couples boundary layer and convective precipitation processes. In this paper, the implementation of a prognostic cloud scheme for the NCEP RSM is described. A subgrid-scale precipitation parameterization scheme was described in a companion paper. Dynamical processes such as advection and diffusion processes for liquid species are included. Eleven experiments are conducted with a grid spacing of approximately 25 km for a heavy rain case over the United States during 15-17 May 1995. Special attention is given to the setup of the prognostic grid-resolvable precipitation scheme on a spectral grid as well as the importance of dynamical processes on a mesoscale grid together with radiation feedback. Different prognostic cloud schemes, classified according to the number of predicted liquid species, are also compared.