Scaling up Segal's principle of Equal-Channel Angular Pressing

This paper focuses on scaling of Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) from conventional, laboratory scale (billet cross section 15×15mm2) to large scale (50×50mm2). We study pure copper billets produced by ECAP in two identical ECAP-dies (but with different cross-sections) that have been optimized to provide reduced contact friction. In order to characterize processing parameters and the resulting properties, the billets are processed by 4 and 8 passes on both scales. Mechanical and microstructural characterization is performed by hardness testing and EBSD measurements. The materials produced in the different scales show very similar properties. A slight top to bottom hardness gradient (