Oxidative degradation of clindamycin in aqueous solution using nanoscale zero-valent iron/H sub(2)O sub(2)/US

In this study, we investigated clindamycin (CLM) removal efficiency by using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and sonolysis process. Laboratory experiments were performed at 21 plus or minus 2 degree C. Also, the effects of initial CLM concentration (45, 80, and 100 mg/L), the molar ratio of H sub(2)O sub(2) (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM), nZVI (0.06, 0.1, and 0.2 g/L), pH (3, 7, and 10), in the presence of ultrasonic waves (35 and 130 kHz with 500 W power) were studied. The results demonstrated that the sonolysis process combined with nZVI and H sub(2)O sub(2) in nZVI/H sub(2)O sub(2)/US system improved the degradation efficiency. Results indicate that the CLM degradation rate increased with decreasing pH and increasing contact time, temperature, nZVI concentration (0.2 g/L), H sub(2)O sub(2) concentration (to 180 mM), and ultrasound frequency (130 kHz/500 W). The optimal concentration of the H sub(2)O sub(2), according to the extent of the [Image omitted.]OH scavenging reaction with these reagents, was demonstrated for CLM removal.