Benefits of rotational grazing and dense nesting cover for island-nesting waterfowl in southern Quebec

Intensification of agricultural practices is an important factor responsible for the decline of duck populations throughout North America. More than 200 islands covering a total of 5000 ha are found in the St. Lawrence river between Montreal and Trois-Rivieres in southern Quebec. The value of these islands as duck nesting habitat, however, is often limited by cattle grazing. The effects of two types of habitat improvements, rotational grazing and establishment of dense nesting cover (DNC), on island-nesting waterfowl was studied from 1992 to 1994. Four treatments were compared: idle fields with no vegetation improvement but exclusion of cattle, improved pastures with seeding of forage plants for cattle, DNC fields with improved cover for ducks and exclusion of cattle and unimproved pastures used after the duck nesting season. Before habitat improvements, grazing by cattle reduced dry mass of green vegetation by 53% relative to ungrazed plots. No difference was found in the biomass of live (green) and dead (residual) vegetation among the islands’ sections before treatments. Nest density and the number of expected nests based on the area covered by each habitat were also similar among sections before treatment. Gadwall ( Anas strepera L.), mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos L.), and pintail ( Anas acuta L.) were the most abundant species nesting on the islands and this was not affected by treatments. Two years after habitat improvements, the number of duck nests increased. Idle fields and 2-year old DNC had greater visual obstruction, more residual vegetation and more litter. Densities of 2.8 and 7.0 nests ha −1 with 69 and 82% Mayfield nest success were recorded in the idle and DNC fields, respectively. Nest success was low in improved pasture where a large proportion of nests were trampled (33%) or depredated (28%). Fencing permitted growth of emergent vegetation which enabled over-water nesting by ducks. These results indicate that with appropriate management, coexistence of cattle and nesting waterfowl is possible on islands of the St. Lawrence river.