Outcomes Over a Decade After Surgery for Unstable Ankle Fracture: Functional Recovery Seen 1 Year Postoperatively Does Not Decay With Time

OBJECTIVES:To evaluate long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes after surgical fixation of unstable ankle fractures. DESIGN:Prospective follow-up study. SETTING:Academic medical center with 2 Level-I trauma centers and a tertiary care center. PATIENTS:One hundred forty-one patients who underwent surgical repair of an unstable ankle fracture. INTERVENTION:Open reduction internal fixation of an unstable ankle fracture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS:Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) scores and radiographic outcomes based on the van Dijk criteria at a mean of 11.6 years follow-up. RESULTS:Of the 281 patients meeting the inclusion criteria for this study, follow-up data were obtained from 141 patients (50%), at a mean of 11.6 years after surgery. Overall, mean long-term SMFA scores were improved when compared with scores at 1 year. The American Society of Anesthesiologists class 1 or 2 was found to be a significant predictor of recovery based on SMFA scores. Sixty-three percent of follow-up radiographs demonstrated evidence of radiographic arthritis, including 31% with mild osteoarthritis, 22% with moderate osteoarthritis, and 10% with severe osteoarthritis. Fracture dislocation at injury was found to be a significant predictor of radiographic posttraumatic osteoarthritis at latest follow-up. One patient (0.7%) underwent a tibiotalar fusion secondary to symptomatic posttraumatic arthrosis. One patient (0.7%) underwent total ankle replacement due to severe osteoarthritis. CONCLUSIONS:Our data indicate that over a decade after ankle fracture fixation, most of the patients are doing well. Despite the presence of radiographic arthritis in 63% of patients, few experience pain or have restrictions in function, and mean long-term functional outcome scores are improved when compared with scores at 1 year. Patients undergoing operative fixation of unstable ankle fractures can anticipate functional outcomes that are maintained over time. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.