Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins of the J Series Inhibit the Ubiquitin Isopeptidase Activity of the Proteasome Pathway

Electrophilic eicosanoids of the J series, with their distinctive cross-conjugated α,β-unsaturated ketone, inactivate genetically wild type tumor suppressor p53 in a manner analogous to prostaglandins of the A series. Like the prostaglandins of the A series, prostaglandins of the J series have a structural determinant (endocyclic cyclopentenone) that confers the ability to impair the conformation, the phosphorylation, and the transcriptional activity of the p53 tumor suppressor with equivalent potency and efficacy. However, J series prostaglandins have a unique structural determinant (exocyclic α,β-unsaturated ketone) that confers unique efficacy as an apoptotic agonist. In seeking to understand how J series prostaglandins cause apoptosis despite their inactivation of p53, we discovered that they inhibit the ubiquitin isopeptidase activity of the proteasome pathway. In this regard, J series prostaglandins were more efficacious inhibitors than representative members of the A, B, or E series prostaglandins. Disruption of the proteasome pathway with proteasome inhibitors can cause apoptosis independently of p53. Therefore, this finding helps reconcile the p53 transcriptional independence of apoptosis caused by Δ12-prostaglandin J 2 . This discovery represents a novel mechanism for proteasome pathway inhibition in intact cells. Furthermore, it identifies isopeptidases as novel targets for the development of antineoplastic agents.