Polyomavirus Small t Antigen Prevents Retinoic Acid-Induced Retinoblastoma Protein Hypophosphorylation and Redirects Retinoic Acid-Induced G sub(0) Arrest and Differentiation to Apoptosis

Polyomavirus small t antigen (ST) impedes late features of retinoic acid (RA)-induced HL-60 myeloid differentiation as well as growth arrest, causing apoptosis instead. HL-60 cells were stably transfected with ST. ST slowed the cell cycle, retarding G sub(2)/M in particular. Treated with RA, the ST transfectants continued to proliferate and underwent apoptosis. ST also impeded the normally RA-induced hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein consistent with failure of the cells to arrest growth. The RA-treated transfectants expressed CD11b, an early cell surface differentiation marker, but inducible oxidative metabolism, a later and more mature functional differentiation marker, was largely inhibited. Instead, the cells underwent apoptosis. ST affected significant known components of RA signaling that result in G sub(0) growth arrest and differentiation in wild-type HL-60. ST increased the basal amount of activated ERK2, which normally increases when wild-type cells are treated with RA. ST caused increased RAR alpha expression, which is normally down regulated in RA-treated wild-type cells. The effects of ST on RA-induced myeloid differentiation did not extend to monocytic differentiation and G sub(0) arrest induced by 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D sub(3), whose receptor is also a member of the steroid-thyroid hormone superfamily. In this case, ST abolished the usually induced G sub(0) arrest and retarded, but did not block, differentiation without inducing apoptosis, thus uncoupling growth arrest and differentiation. In sum, the data show that ST disrupted the normal RA-induced program of G sub(0) arrest and differentiation, causing the cells to abort differentiation and undergo apoptosis.